How local stakeholder stereotypes impact liability of foreignness and asset of foreignness

The ‘Liability of Foreignness’ Associated with Activist Groups

Overcoming the Liability of Foreignness: Pre-IPO Investors from the Host Country and Foreign IPO Performance

Foreign IPO firms incur higher issuance costs than domestic firms due to greater information asymmetry and ex ante valuation uncertainty. Little is known about how to overcome such liability of foreignness. This study, based on foreign-listed Chinese firms, shows that pre-IPO financing relationship with investors from the country of listing can effectively mitigate cross-border information fric...

Regional Dimensions of Liability of Foreignness: Between a Rock and a Hard Place?

In this paper we develop optimized localization strategies for multinational firms to overcome their liability of foreignness by adding a regional dimension. We explore conceptually whether economic stress in a region has a mitigating or reinforcing effect. We test this analytical framework empirically on the highly internationalized German car market and find that economically depressed region...

Innovation Activities Abroad and the Effects of Liability of Foreignness: Where it Hurts

The innovation activities of foreign subsidiaries have been identified as an important source of competitive advantage for multinational corporations. The success of these engagements depends heavily on tapping host country pools of localized expertise. To achieve this foreign subsidiaries have to overcome cultural and social barriers (liability of foreignness). We derive potential stumbling bl...

Overcoming Liability of Foreignness: An Analysis of Early Foreign Investment in China

This study examines the liability of foreignness (LOF) faced by multinational enterprises (MNEs), and the effects of strategies employed to overcome the liability. Based on a sample of 3,085 Sino-foreign joint ventures formed in manufacturing sectors in China, the authors find that Hong Kong investors, who are often perceived to have lower LOF than investors from other countries, are more activ...